An apical lordotic view of chest x-ray used to taken to visualise the lung apices better, to look for apical tumours like Pancoast tumour or superior sulcus tumour and apical tuberculosis. In the usual chest x-ray, this region is partially covered by the clavicles, while in the apical lordotic view the clavicles are away from the field. This view is seldom used now a days because of the frequent availability of CT scans which provide much superior diagnostic information.

Nausea, bad taste in mouth, vomiting
Inability to concentrate, tremors, seizures
Head ache, dizziness, rashes, photophobia
Swelling of lips, tendonitis, tendon rupture
Seizures are more likely if ciprofloxacin is combined with theophylline because theophylline increases the blood levels of ciprofloxacin.

If a single drug is given for the treatment of tuberculosis, there is increased chance of development of resistance to the drug. The incidence of resistant strain in an individual will be about 1 in 10^6  to 10^8. But an indiviual be infected with 10^10 to 10^12 organisms. So if a single drug is given, the number of remaining organisms will be too high for the immune system to remove them. The probability of an organizm resistance to the drug is independant of the probability to develop resistance to other …

Dimercaprol, also known as British anti lewisite (BAL) is a chelating agent used in the treatment of heavy metal poising (those which act by inhibiting the SH group containing enzymes). It has two SH (sulfhydryl) groups which can bind to these atoms. It can form 1:1 or 2:1 complex with metals, 2:1 being more stable. It can be used used in the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, antimony, bismuth, copper and gold. Dimercaprol is used along with penicillamine in the treatment of lead poisoning and also in the treatment of Wilson’s …

Leuprolide is a superactive GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone) agonist. It can be given with flutamide for prostate cancer. Gonadotropin secretion occurs due to pulsatile secretion of GnRH. But when a long acting GnRH agonist like leuprolide is given, initially there is an increased release of gonadotropins, but soon there is downregulation of GnRH receptors and the release is prevented. This action can be utilized in the treatment of prostatic cancer which is a hormone dependant tumour. But the initial increase in the release of gonadotropins can cause a flaring up of the …

Ethinyl estradiol and norgestrel are a combination of drugs used as hormonal contraceptive in women. Ethinyl estradiol is synthetic estrogen analogue and norgestrel is a synthetic progesterone analogue.
Mechanism of action
Ethinyl estradiol and norgestrel cause feed back inhibition of GNRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone), FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (leutinizing hormone). Thus the mid cycle LH surge is prevented and ovulation does not occur. Progesterone makes the cervical mucus thick and impenetrable to sperms. The tubal and uterine motility is affected in such a way as to prevent fertilisation. Even if ovulation and fertilization …

Linezolid is an oxazolidinone antimicrobial agent. It is a bacteriostatic agent.
Spectrum of action
MRSA (Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus areus), some VRSA (Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus areus), VRE (Vancomycin resistant enterococci), Streptococcus pyogenes, S. viridans, S. pneumoniae, Clostridia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Listeria.
Mechanism of action
It binds to the 23S fraction of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome. It prevents the formation of N-formyl methionine tRNA – 70S ribosome complex, thus preventing protein synthesis. Since the drug has a different site of action, it does not have cross resistance with other antimicrobial agents.
Pharmacokinetics
It is well absorbed orally.
Uses
Linezolid should …

Urinary antiseptics are antimicrobial agents. When these are given in orally tolerated doses, they attain antibacterial concentrations only in urine due to concentration in the renal tubules. These can be given for lower urinary tract infections, but are not suitable for upper urinary tract infections. eg: nitrofurantoin, methenamine.

Isoniazid is an antituberculous drug. It can cause peripheral neuropathy and rarely convulsions by decreasing the availability of pyridoxine (vitamin B6). Isoniazid binds to pyridoxal-5-phosphate, the active form of pyridoxine to form isoniazid-pyridoxal hydrazone. Pyridoxal-5-phosphate is necessary for the functioning of the enzymes glutamic acid decarboxylase and GABA transaminase which function in the GABA synthesis pathway. Thus isoniazid decreases the synthesis of GABA. Since GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, deficiency of GABA can lead to increased excitatory action and siezures.
Pyridoxine 10 mg per day can be used to prevent peripheral …