Refers to biconcave vertebral bodies seen in osteomalacia
Similar appearance can also be seen in osteoporosis

External links:

“Fish” or “Fish Mouth” Vertebrae? – American Journal of Roentgenology

Plain x-ray pelvis AP view showing undisplaced fracture of inferior ramus of pubis.
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Differential diagnosis

Looser’s zone seen in osteomalacia

Looser’s zone refers to pseudofractures seen in osteomalacia
Also called Milkman’s line
Thin (about 2mm) radioluscent bands extending from the cortex inwards perpendicular to the bone surface
Origin is by incomplete stress fractures which heal with callus deficient in calcium
Most commonly seen in pubic rami, neck of femur, neck of humerus, axillary edge of scapula

Range of Motion (Orthopedics – of joints)
Rifampicin, Ofloxacin, Minocycline (Regimen for treatment of leprosy)

Rifampicin
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Ofloxacin
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Minocycline
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Continuous Passive Motion (Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation)
Chlorpheniramine maleate (Pharmacology)
Critical Path Method (Health Planning)

Continuous passive motion device

Continuous passive motion is a treatment modality to increase mobility of joints after surgery or trauma
Performed by a continuous passive motion (CPM) device
The CPM device moves the joint through a predefined range of motion (ROM)
The ROM is progressively increased as the joint mobility increases

Continuous passive motion device
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Continuous passive motion device – Control panel
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Histoplasma capsulatum – a dimorphic fungus

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Fungi which exist in 2 separate morphological forms depending of environmental temperature

Yeast form within the body or in cultures at 37C
in the soil or in cultures at 22C

Many fungi causing systemic infections are dimorphic fungi

Examples of dimorphic fungi:

Histoplasma capsulatum
Sporothrix schenckii
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Coccidioides immitis

Inner layer of the periosteum of a bone composed of flattened osteoprogenitor cells
Have the capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts
Important in fracture healing
Intracapsular area of neck of femur does not have cambium layer, hence healing after fracture is impaired

Ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes
(Click on image for an enlarged view – Image by Nephron)

Type of hepatocyte death
Form of apoptosis
Seen in hepatocytes infected with certain viruses
characterised by increase in cell size (ballooning) with wispy/cobweb like cytoplasm, cytoplasmic vacuolation, pyknotic nucleus

Diabetes mellitus – several papillae affected, all of same stage, rarely calcify
Analgesic nephropathy – almost all papillae affected, different stage of necrosis,calcification frequent
Sickle cell disease – few papillae affected, rarely calcify
Obstruction – variable number of papillae affected, calcification frequent