Vitreoretinal degenerations include the following conditions:

Wagner syndrome
Stickler syndrome
Favre Goldmann syndrome
Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
Erosive vitreoretinopathy
Dominant neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy
Dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy

Wagner syndrome
It is characterised by

Autosomal dominant inheritance
Choroid atrophy
Liquefaction of vitreous with condensation of membranes
Retina – narrow sheathed vessels with pigmented spots in periphery
Cataract – late complication

Stickler syndrome
Also known as heriditary arthroophthalmopathy. It is characterised by:

Autosomal dominant inheritance
Eye changes

Vitreous liquefaction and collapse
Progressive myopia
Retinal pigmentation, vascular sheathing and radial lattice like degeneration
Bilateral retinal detachment (commonest cause of heriditary retinal detachment in childeren)
Presenile cataract
Ectopia lentis

Maxillofacial features

Flattened nasal bridge
Hypoplastic maxilla
Cleft palate
High arched palate

Joint features

Prominent, painful, stiff, hyperextensible large …

Electroretinography

An area of the visual field in which there is complete loss of perception of light

Separation within the sensory retina
Occurs at the level of the outer plexiform layer and the inner nuclear layer
Can be congenital or acquired
Seen as a transparent, thin, immobile, shallow elevation of inner retinal layers
Differs from shallow retinal detachment in that retinoschisis causes absolute scotoma whereas shallow retinal detachment causes relative scotoma
Acquired (senile) retinoschisis may predispose to retinal detachment
Usually affects the lower temporal quadrants, anterior to equator

An area of the visual field in which the loss of vision is partial or may involve light of certain wavelength
Seen in shallow retinal detatchment

Vitreous humor is the transparent, jelly like visual media occupying the posterior 4/5 of eyeball
Volume – 4ml
Formed of randomly arranged collagen fibers with spheroidal macromolecules of hyaluronic acid in between

Parts of vitreous humor:

Cortical vitreous

The outer part of vitreous close to the retina posteriorly and the lens and ciliary body anteriorly
Arrangement of collagen fibers is denser
These fibrils condense to form a false anatomical membrane

anterior hyaloid membrane

in front of ora serrata
firmly attached to lens in young people and loosely attached in elderly

posterior hyaloid membrane

behind ora serrata
loosely attached to internal limiting membrane of …

Saucer shaped depression in the anterior part of vitreous humor.
Occupied by the posterior surface of intraocular lens

Space between the posterior surface of the the intraocular lens and the patellar fossa of vitreous humor.

Procedure ulitising a direct ophthalmoscope for visualising the ocular media and the fundus
Principle

Light is reflected into the eye using the direct ophthalmoscope
The emergent rays from the fundus of the patient’s eye exit as parallel rays after passing through the lens
These rays are brought to focus on the examiners eye with accomodation at rest
If the patient and/ or the examiner is ametropic, a correcting lens (equivalent in power to the combined optical defect of the patient’s and examiner’s eyes) from the ophthalmoscope is utilised
The fundus image formed is virtual, erect and …

Used to get a preliminary idea about the status of the ocular media and fundus
This should be done routinely before doing a direct ophthalmoscopy
Equipment needed – self illuminated ophthalmoscope or plane mirror with a hole in centre
Procedure

Should be performed in a semi dark room
The ophthalmoscope should be kept at a distance of 20-25 cm from the patient’s eye
Normally a red reflex is seen at the pupillary area

Uses

Opacities in the ocular media are seen as dark spots in the red glow at the pupillar area

The plane of the opacities can …