Laryngeal papillomas constitute 80% of the neoplastic lesions of the larynx
Juvenile laryngeal papillomas are a type of squamous papillomas seen in infants and children

Anterior uveitis

Defective vision is one of the important symptoms of acute iridocyclitis
Initially there is slight blurring of vision with progressive deterioration
There are multiple causes of defective vision in acute iridocyclitis
They are: (from anterior to posterior of eyeball)

corneal oedema and keratic precipitates
Aqueous humour turbidity
Exudates in pupillary area
Myopia as a result of ciliary spasm
Complicated cataract
Cyclitic membrane
Vitreous haze
Macular oedema
Papillitis
Secondary glaucoma

Image credits: The eyes have it

Rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis)

Rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) is a parasite of rodents primarily of the genus Rattus
It is responsible for the transmission of many diseases like plague and rickettsial diseases
These diseases can be controlled by utilising flea control measures

Insecticides

DDT is the most commonly used insecticide against rat fleas
It is sprayed as powder form in areas frequented by rats and their burrows
Spraying should be done on the floor and on the walls up to a height of 1 foot
The DDT powder gets adhered to the fur coat of rats and kill the …

Structure of a gene
Genetic counselling is the utilisation of knowledge of genetics to predict the probability of genetic disorders. It is of 2 types:

Prospective genetic counselling

In this the genetic disorder has not yet expressed itself
It is done is heterozygotic individuals to assess the probability of having a child with genetic disorders
If a person is identified as heterozygotic for a genetic condition, he/she should be advised against marrying another heterozygotic individual as there is increased risk of the trait expressing itself in the phenotype

Retrospective genetic counselling

In this, the …

Sanitation barrier refers to segregation of excreta in such a way as to break the disease transmission cycle (in case of fecal borne diseases)
Feces should not be allowed to come in contact with

Food
Water
Flies
Soil
Fingers

This can be ensured by using a sanitary latrine with proper waste disposal

Low Birth Weight (LBW) is an important cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity
Experts suggest that the incidence of LBW can be decreased to no more than 10% all over the world by proper intervention

Direct interventions:

Direct interventions aim to address the immediate causes of low birth weight

Malnutrition – Food supplementation, food fortification, Iron and folic acid tablets
Infections – Early diagnosis and treatment
Heavy work load during pregnancy – Ensure adequate rest for pregnant women
Frequent pregnancies – Birth spacing

Indirect interventions:

Indirect interventions to decrease incidence of Low Birth Weight include:

Cessation of smoking and avoiding exposure to …

McArdle and his associates suggested that 4.5 litres in 4 hours is the maximum allowable sweat rate which is compatible with normal physiological reaction in a healthy young adult male
They also prepared a chart for obtaining the ‘Predicted 4 hour sweat rate’ – P4SR – from any combination of

dry bulb temperature
wet bulb temperature
radiant heat
air movements

P4SR value of 3 is considered the upper limit of comfort level

Thermal comfort refers to the subjective feeling of temperature in an environment. Optimum levels of thermal comfort helps in maximizing productivity. Measurement of thermal comfort levels are complex and many indices have been proposed over the years. They are:

Air temperature

Initially the air temperature as measured from a dry bulb thermometer was taken as the indicator of thermal comfort
But it was found to be a unsatisfactory measure as comfort levels depended on other factors too

Air temperature and humidity

Later air temperature and humidity levels were considered to convey the thermal comfort levels
This …

The Children Act, 1960 defines a delinquent as:

‘A child who has committed an offence’

But juvenile delinquency includes not only juvenile crime, but all aspects of deviations from normal behaviour like habitual disobedience, interaction with immoral people and antisocial activities
Statistics from the United States reveal that about 2% of children between 7 and 17 years of age attend juvenile courts
Similar statistics are not available in India

Causes for juvenile delinquency:

Biological causes:

Heredity
Hormonal imbalance
XYY genotype

Social causes:

Broken homes
Death of parents
Separation of parents

Other causes

Industrialization
Urbanization
Absence of recreation facilities

Prevention:

Improving family values
Schooling
Social welfare schemes

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is the most common benign tumour of the nasopharynx
It is usually seen in males in the second decade of life and usually presents with recurrent profuse epistaxis

Etiology:

Since it occurs in the second decade of life, it is proposed that nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is a testosterone dependent tumour
A nidus of hamartomatous vascular tissue in the nasopharynx undergoes proliferation in response to hormonal stimulation

Site of occurence:

The site of occurrence was initially thought to be the posterior wall and roof of nasopharynx
But recent studies indicate that the site of origin is in fact the posterior part of nasal cavity, …