Auer rods are seen in?
A. AML
B. CML
C. CLL
D. ALL

Burtonian line, also known as lead line is a clinical manifestation of chronic lead poisoning
It is a stippled blue line seen in 50-70% of patients with chronic lead poisoning
It is manifested as a bluish black line due to epidermal deposition of lead sulphate at the junction of the gums with the teeth (not seen on the teeth)
Similar pigmented lines are seen in poisoning with mercury, copper, silver, bismuth and iron poisoning
Other features of chronic lead poisoning include pallor (anemia), constipation, paralysis and lead encephalopathy

Diabetes glomerulosclerosis with nephrotic syndrome – histopathology
Click on image for an enlarged view

Nephrotic syndrome is characterised by albuminuria, hypoalbuminemia, oedema, hyperlipidemia and lipiduria
The increased loss of proteins in urine stimulates the liver to increase synthesis of proteins
Apolipoporteins are synthesised in increased quantities – especially apo B, apo C-II, and apo E which are used VLDL and LDL formation
Apoproteins associated with HDL synthesis – apo A-I and apo A-II usually remains normal
In addition to this, there is decreased lipid catabolism due to decreased activity of lipoprotein lipase
All these factors together contribute …

Antigens can cause degranulation of mast cells resulting in allergic reactions. Some of the allergic mediators released from mast cells are preformed whereas others are synthesised on demand.

Preformed mediators

ECF-A
Eosinophil chemotactic factor  of Anaphylaxis – attracts eosinophils to the site

NCF – A
Neutrophil chemotactic factor – attracts neutrophils to the site

Histamine
Vasodilation and bronchospasm

Heparin
Promotes phagocytosis

Newly synthesised mediators

Prostaglandin
Vasoconstriction and bronchospasm

Leukotriene
Vasoconstriction and bronchospasm

Thromboxane A2
Vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation

PAF
Platelet Activating Factor – bronchospasm, platelet aggregation, …

Ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes
(Click on image for an enlarged view – Image by Nephron)

Type of hepatocyte death
Form of apoptosis
Seen in hepatocytes infected with certain viruses
characterised by increase in cell size (ballooning) with wispy/cobweb like cytoplasm, cytoplasmic vacuolation, pyknotic nucleus

Diabetes mellitus – several papillae affected, all of same stage, rarely calcify
Analgesic nephropathy – almost all papillae affected, different stage of necrosis,calcification frequent
Sickle cell disease – few papillae affected, rarely calcify
Obstruction – variable number of papillae affected, calcification frequent

Skin test to detect sarcoidosis
Intracutaneous injection of spleen extract of patient with sarcoidosis (Kveim antigen)
Positive result – granulomas found 4-6 weeks later
False negative – corticosteroid therapy
Risk of transmission of diseases like bovine spongiform encephalopathy- hence not done nowadays
Named after norwegian pathologist Morten Ansgar Kveim

Also called:

Nickerson Kveim reaction
Kveim Nickerson skin test

Karyotyping is a method for studying the chromosomes of an organizm. Karyotype is a standardised arrangement of metaphasic chromosomes that have been photographed and arranged in the order of decreasing length. The cell division is arrested in metaphase by using inhibitors of spindle formation like colchicine and stained. Different techniques for staining are available to identify the individual chromosomes eg. staining with Giemsa (G bandng). G banding shows alternating dark and light bands in the chromosome. Numerical chromosomal abnormalities such as trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) can be easily identified using …

Hyaline change is a homogenous glassy pink appearance in the histological sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. It can be due to intracellular accumulation of certain substances as in Russel bodies (multiple myeloma), Mallory bodies (alcoholic liver disease), re-absorption droplets (kidney). Extra cellular hyaline change can be seen in walls of the arterioles in long standing hypertension and diabetes mellitus. This is due to extravasated plasma protein and deposition of basement membrane material.

The commonly used anticoagulants are: heparin, citrate, oxalate, EDTA. Citrate is used for the storage of blood. Heparin is for taking blood samples for ABG estimation. Oxalate and EDTA are used while collecting blood for investigation.