Post exposure prophylaxis is used for the following diseases:

Rabies
Tetanus
Hepatitis
Varicella
Measles (to be given within 3 days of exposure)

Respiratory rate is used to assess severity of respiratory infection. A child with fast breathing is considered to have pneumonia as per Acute Respiratory Infection control program. The criteria for fast breathing differs based on the age of the child. This is because younger children have a higher basal rate of breathing.

Age
Respiratory rate

<2 months
>60/min

2-12 months
>50/min

12 months-5 years
>40/min

DEC (diethyl carbamazine citrate) is used for mass chemoprophylaxis if filariasis. It is given to all people irrespective of presence of disease / microfilaremia. It is not given to children below 2 years of age, pregnant women and seriously ill patients. It is a form of clinical prophylaxis as it prevents progression of asymptomatic disease to clinically manifest disease.

Based on the relationship between the desk and the chair, there are 3 types of desks

Plus desk
Zero desk
Minus desk

Plus desk

There is a gap between the edge of the desk the edge of the chair
The disadvantage of this type of arrangement is that the student has to lean forward to write on the desk

Zero desk

The edge of the desk is at the same level as that of the chair

Minus desk

The edge of the chair goes inside the edge of the desk
It is the recommended desk for use in schools
Advantage – easy …

Tissue culture vials

TCID 50 stands for:

Tissue Culture Infective Dose – 50% / Median Tissue Culture Infective Dose

The quantity of a pathogen that will induce pathogenic change in 50% of tissue cultures inoculated.  Expressed as TCID50/ml.

WMF stands for:

Wastage multiplication factor (an index of wastage of vaccines during vaccination programs)

Hospital Bed Turnover Rate is a measure of the extend of hospital utilization
It is the number of times there is change of occupant for a bed during a given time period
It is given by the formula:

Hospital Bed turnover rate = Number of discharges (including deaths) in a given time period / Number of beds in the hospital during that time period

Example:

In a particular hospital, there were 2358 discharges in the year 2009
Number of beds in that hospital in 2009 was 300
Hospital Bed turnover rate = 2358/300 = 7.86

Rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis)

Rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) is a parasite of rodents primarily of the genus Rattus
It is responsible for the transmission of many diseases like plague and rickettsial diseases
These diseases can be controlled by utilising flea control measures

Insecticides

DDT is the most commonly used insecticide against rat fleas
It is sprayed as powder form in areas frequented by rats and their burrows
Spraying should be done on the floor and on the walls up to a height of 1 foot
The DDT powder gets adhered to the fur coat of rats and kill the …

Structure of a gene
Genetic counselling is the utilisation of knowledge of genetics to predict the probability of genetic disorders. It is of 2 types:

Prospective genetic counselling

In this the genetic disorder has not yet expressed itself
It is done is heterozygotic individuals to assess the probability of having a child with genetic disorders
If a person is identified as heterozygotic for a genetic condition, he/she should be advised against marrying another heterozygotic individual as there is increased risk of the trait expressing itself in the phenotype

Retrospective genetic counselling

In this, the …

Sanitation barrier refers to segregation of excreta in such a way as to break the disease transmission cycle (in case of fecal borne diseases)
Feces should not be allowed to come in contact with

Food
Water
Flies
Soil
Fingers

This can be ensured by using a sanitary latrine with proper waste disposal