C – Cystine

O – Ornithine

L – Lysine

A – Arginine

Cystinuria is and inherited disorder which is characterised by defective renal transport mechanism. Amino acid re-absorption from the tubules is impaired.

1. Essential amino acids – Mnemonic
2. Biochemistry – MCQ 33 – Vitamin which is excreted in urine
3. Amino acid content of bone after death

• Shock
• Parturition (delivery of the baby)
• LH surge
• Action potential
• Coagulation pathway
• Entry of calcium into sarcoplasmic reticulum

1. SERCA – Acronym
2. Anaesthesia – MCQ 14 – Anesthetic which corrodes metal in vaporizers and breathing systems
3. Oxytocin in pregnancy

• Rickets
• Hypothyroidism
• Hypophosphatasia
• Cleidocranial dysostosis
• Osteogenesis imperfecta

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• Metranidazole
• Cephalosporins
• Chlorpropamide
• Furazolidine
• Griseofulvin
• Citrated calcium carbamide

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• Ciprofloxacin
• Cimetidine
• Erythromycin
• Allopurinol
• Oral contraceptives

Some others increase theophylline metabolism, decreasing blood levels:

• Phenobarbitone
• Phenytoin
• Rifampicin

Smoking and consumption of charcoal boiled meat also increase theophylline metabolism.

1. Sulfonylureas
2. Physiology – MCQ 12 – Which of the following adaptations will be apt to increase the work capacity at high altitude?
3. Pharmacology – MCQ 93 – Mechanism of action of theophylline

• Rabies
• Tetanus
• Hepatitis
• Varicella
• Measles (to be given within 3 days of exposure)

1. SPM – MCQ 75 – Diseases with chronic carriers
2. RGUHS Karnataka PGET 2011 – MCQ 193
3. Medicine – MCQ 164 – Drugs for prophylaxis of migraine

Correct answer : A. Occipital lobe is a part of the cerebral cortex

Brainstem consists of midbrain, pons and medulla. Limbic system consists of Hippocampus, Amygdala, Fornix, Mammillary body, Septal nuclei and the limbic lobe (Parahippocampal gyrus, Cingulate gyrus, Dentate gyrus)

1. Components of Papez Circuit – Mnemonic
2. AIIMS November 2011 – MCQ 13
3. NEET PG / USMLE – MCQ 3

Correct answer : B. Loss of proteins

(Repeat AIIMS Nov 2010)

Explanation: In nephrotic syndrome, there is loss of proteins through the glomeruli. This results in hypoalbuminemia and decreased plasma oncotic pressure. Thus fluid moves into the extravascular compartment – development of edema.

1. Hyperlipidemia in nephrotic syndrome – Mechanism
2. AIIMS November 2011 – MCQ 67
3. Physiology – MCQ 81 – Absence of edema in acute cardiac failure – mechanism

Correct answer : C. Dyke

A preferentially active lesbian (who is most often a transvestite or transsexual) is known as a butch or dyke, while the usual passive agent is called a femme.
Ref: Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology : Principles and Practice, By Krishan Vij – 5/e, p322 (accessed via google books)

1. AIIMS November 2011 – MCQ 3
2. Sparrow’s foot marks
3. AIIMS November 2011 – MCQ 25

(Repeat AIIMS Nov 11, Nov 06)

Correct answer : A. Degeneracy

1. AIIMS November 2011 – MCQ 114
2. Biochemistry – MCQ 36 – Same aminoacid is coded by multiple codons
3. Biochemistry – MCQ 63 – Base substitution mutation

• Hyperhydrosis
• Causalgia
• Raynaud’s disease caused by stable arterial occlusions
• Frost bite sequelae
• Thromboangitis / distal arterial occlusions
• Reflex sympathetic dystrophy
• Inoperable atherosclerotic occlusions with pain or limited tissue loss

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PCR Mnemonic stands for

P – Pallor (Stage of local syncope – extremity becomes pale)
C – Cyanosis (Stage of local asphyxia – extremity becomes cyanosed)
R – Redness (Stage of recovery – extremity turns red)

1. Auditory pathway – Mnemonic
2. NEET PG / USMLE – MCQ 14
3. AIIMS May 2011 – MCQ 101

Correct answer : B. Stewart-hamilton principle

The volume of blood in the heart and lungs can be measured, by the Stewart-Hamilton principle, as the product of cardiac output and the mean transit time from right atrium to the aortic root.
Ref: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/33/3/347.abstract

Transpulmonary thermodilution uses the Stewart-Hamilton principle.
Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_output

1. AIIMS November 2011 – MCQ 87
2. Heart conditions in which pregnancy is contraindicated
3. Aortic stenosis with coexistent aortic regurgitation – Causes

Correct answer : c. Shotgun

In firearms, a choke is a tapered constriction of the gun barrel’s bore at the muzzle end, almost always used with shotguns. The purpose is to decrease the spread of the shot in order to gain better range and accuracy.
Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choke_(firearms)

1. Forensic medicine – MCQ 36 – Firearm injury
2. AIIMS November 2011 – MCQ 85
3. SPM – MCQ 38 – Levey–Jennings chart

Correct answer : d. Lipoma of corpus callosum

The bracket sign refers to a radiographic appearance seen with the tubulonodular variety of pericallosal lipoma. It reflects calcification seen at the periphery of the midline lipoma. It is best seen on coronal imaging, and historically was identified on frontal radiographs.
Ref: http://radiopaedia.org/articles/bracket-sign

Tramline calcification is a feature of Sturge-Weber syndrome, and describes the pattern of calcification seen on skull radiology.
www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=-1227882448

Sturge weber syndrome: CT scans show the tramline gyriform calcification of apposing gyri that underlies the contrast-enhancing leptomeningeal vascular malformation.

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/414222-overview#showall

Axial nonenhanced CT image in a patient with tuberous sclerosis reveals subependymal calcifications.
Ref:http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/385549-overview#showall

1. AIIMS PG Entrance May 2012 – Prospectus Download
2. AIIMS PG entrance May 2012 – Online application form
3. Calcification of costal cartilage

(Repeat AIIMS Nov 2010)

Correct answer : a) Fracture shaft of femur

Gallow’s traction is used in infants and children with femoral fractures.

Indications Gallows Traction

• Child must weigh less than 12 kg
• Femoral fractures
• Skin must be intact

Ref: http://www0.sun.ac.za/ortho/webct-ortho/general/trac/trac-2.html

1. RGUHS Karnataka PGET 2011 – MCQ 85
2. AIIMS November 2011 – MCQ 143
3. Orthopaedics – MCQ 35 – Subtrochanteric fractures of femur

• Diabetes mellitus
• Tabes dorsalis
• Leprosy
• Amyloidosis
• Syringomyelia
• Meningomyelocele
• Peroneal muscular atrophy

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• Neoplasms
• Pulmonary embolism
• Infections
• Collagen vascular disorders
• GIT disorders – Perforation of esophagus, pancreatitis
• Others – Yellow nail syndrome, Uremia, Meig’s syndrome, After cardiac surgery / injury, Pericardial disease, Asbestos exposure, Radiation exposure, Chylothorax

1. Pleural effusion – left
2. Pathology – MCQ 37 – Development of inerstitiul lung disease
3. Massive pleural effusion

• Peaking of T waves
• Increase in PR interval (AV conduction delay)
• Wide QRS complex
• Loss of P waves

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• ST elevation with concavity upward
• T inversion occurs after some days (once ST segment returns to baseline)
• No change in QRS complexes (decrease in QRS voltage may occur in massive pericardial effusions)
• PR segment depression (due to atrial involvement)
• Atrial premature beats, atrial fibrillation

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• Lactic acidosis
• Renal failure
• Ketoacidosis (alcoholic / starvation / diabetes)
• Toxin induced (ethylene glycol / methanol / salicylates)

Anion gap is the difference between measured cations and the measured anions – represents the quantity of unmeasured anions in the plasma.

1. Medicine – MCQ 69 – Increased anion gap metabolic acidosis
2. RGUHS Karnataka PGET 2011 – MCQ 197
3. Evans blue in measurement of plasma volume

1. Superior thyroid artery
2. Lingual artery
3. Facial artery
4. Occipital artery
5. Posterior auricular artery
6. Ascending pharyngeal artery
7. Maxillary artery
8. Superficial temporal artery

1,2 and 3 are anterior branches. 4 and 5 are posterior branches. Ascending pharyngeal artery is the only medial branch of external carotid artery. Maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery are the terminal branches.

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• Chronic myeloid leukaemia
• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
• Hairy cell leukemia
• Myelofibrosis
• Polycythemia vera
• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
• Sarcoidosis
• Gaucher’s disease
• Diffuse splenic hemangiomatosis

1. AIIMS November 2011 – MCQ 11
2. Medicine – MCQ 78 – 21 year old male presents with anemia and mild hepatosplenomegaly
3. Medicine – MCQ 2

• Guillian Barre syndrome
• Spinal muscular atrophy
• Myasthenia gravis
• Myotonic dystrophy
• Infant botulism

Causes of non paralytic FIS:

•  Down’s syndrome
• Cerebral palsy
• Malnutrition
• Turner syndrome
• Marfan syndrome
• Tay Sachs disease
• Prader Willi syndrome

(FIS = Floppy Infant Syndrome)

1. RGUHS Karnataka PGET 2011 – MCQ 155
2. Medicine – MCQ 39 – Millard Gubler syndrome includes the following except
3. Paediatrics – MCQ 50 – Gene expression

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Correct answer : C. Decreased coagulation factor levels

In DIC, the levels of coagulation factors are decreased. Whereas in TTP, coagulation factor levels are normal.

1. Medicine – MCQ 12 – Disseminated intravascular coagulation
2. Medicine – MCQ 149 – Causes of palpable purpura
3. Medicine – MCQ 132 – Risk factors for atherosclerosis

1. Otitic hydrocephalus
2. Complications of CSOM
3. Pseudotumor cerebri (Benign intracranial hypertension)

Correct answer : A. Sensitivity

A screening test should be sensitive to detect maximum possible cases. Specificity is not as important. After screening, we can apply a confirmatory test with high specificity.

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Correct answer : C. Ordinal

Here data can be arranged in a useful order. But there is no info regarding the size of each interval.

1. SPM – MCQ 25 – Data arrangement
2. SPM – MCQ 77 – Scale of measurement in disease classification
3. SPM – MCQ 79 – Histogram

• Median nerve
• Radial bursa
• Ulnar bursa
• Tendons of
• Flexor carpi radialis
• Flexor pollicis longus
• Flexor digitorum superficialis
• Flexor digitorum profundus

Remember – Flexor carpi ulnaris tendon does not pass under flexor retinaculum!

1. Structures passing superficial to flexor retinaculum of the hand
2. Anatomy – MCQ 49 – Contents of carpal tunnel
3. Anatomy – MCQ 36 – Muscles with dual nerve supply