Gas gangrene is caused by exotoxin-producing Clostridial species Clostridium perfringens – most common Clostridium bifermentans Clostridium septicum Clostridium sporogenes Clostridium novyi Clostridium fallax Clostridium histolyticum Clostridium tertium Other
Chest infections can cause atrial fibrillation in 3 ways: By inducing a stress response which increases the sympathetic tone Increased sympathetic tone can precipitate atrial fibrillation (AF) Hypoxia
Factors that predispose to development of pneumonia are: Smoking Alcohol Upper respiratory tract infections Recent influenza infection Corticosteroid therapy Old age Pre existing lung disease
Cerebral angiography can be done through various routes Transfemoral – most common trans axillary – rarely used trans carotid – rarely used Why direct puncture of carotid artery
Ophthalmoplegic migraine was previously considered as a subtype of migraine. Now it is classified as a cranial neuralgia. It is characterised by recurrent attacks of migranous type headache
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