MALT stands for:

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue

BALT stands for:

Bronchus Associated Lymphoid Tissue

NALT stands for:

Nasal Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Killian’s dehiscence is a potential triangular gap between the oblique fibers of thyropharyngeus and the transverse fibers of cricopharyngeus (Thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus are 2 parts of the inferior constrictor of pharynx)
It is named after German ENT surgeon – Gustav Killian
It is through this gap that the herniation of pharyngeal mucosa occurs in case of pharyngeal pouch (Zenker’s diverticulum)
It is also called ‘gateway of tears‘ as it is a common site for perforation during oesophagoscopy

Synonyms:

Laimer triangle
Laimer-Haeckermann area
Laimer-Killian triangle

The esophagus has 4 areas where the lumen is narrow compared to the rest of the oesphagus. They are:

Beginning of oesophagus (pharyngoesophageal junction) – 6 inches from incisor teeth
level where arch of aorta crosses oesophagus – 9 inches from incisor teeth
At the level where the left main bronchus crosses oesophagus – 11 inches from incisor teeth
At the end where it pierces diaphragm – 15 inches from incisor teeth

The distance from incisor teeth should be taken into consideration when passing endoscopes.

Artificial rupture of membranes (ARM) is the process in which the foetal amniotic sac is ruptured to facilitate labour
It is usually done once the active stage of labour begins
The membranes are ruptured using Kocher’s forceps
The liquor should be examined for meconium staining

Meconium staining of liquor indicates foetal distress

Once ARM is done, foetal heart rate should be checked

Transient changes may occur due to pressure on the cord by the foetal parts that change position once the liquor is drained
Prolonged changes in foetal heart rate indicates foetal distress
When associated with bleeding, it …

ARM stands for

Artificial Rupture of Membranes (amniotomy)

The projected population of India in the year 2050 – 1.53 billion
It is expected that India will overtake China to become the most populous nation by then

UNFPA stands for:

United Nations Population Fund (previously United Nations Fund for Population Activities)

A nation’s population passes through 5 phases during it’s development. They are:

High stationary

Birth rate and death rates are high and cancel each other
Population size remains stationary
India was in this phase till 1920

Early expanding

The death rate starts declining
Birth rate remains high
Birth rates may even increase due to improved health conditions and decreased period of breast feeding\
Many countries in South Asia and Africa are in this stage

Late expanding

Death rate continues to fall
Birth rate also starts falling
India is currently in this stage

Low stationary

Both birth rate and death rate are low and almost …