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Left bundle branch block

Click on the image for an enlarged view Left bundle branch block is characterised by a wide QRS, which is 120 msec or more. The left precordial leads

Microbiology

Streptococcus

Streptococci are gram positive bacteria that are arranged in chains. Cell division takes place along a single axis without separation of daughter cells. Hence they get arranged in

Orthopaedics

Involucrum

It is the dense sclerotic bone surrounding the sequestrum. It has holes for the drainage of pus. Its cavity is lined by infected granulation tissue. Ref: Ortho Maheshwari – p161

Orthopaedics

Sequestrum

It is a piece of dead bone in chronic osteomyelitis, surrounded by infected granulation tissue, trying to eat away the bone. The outer surface of this bone is

Orthopaedics

Tension band principle

A fractured bone has a tension side – which tends to move apart due to the distraction forces applied during the action of muscles. According to the tension

Orthopaedics

Nicolas Andry – Grandfather of orthopedics

Nicolas Andry (1658 – 1742), a French doctor coined the term ‘Orthopedics’. In his book, he gave the illustration of the crooked tree, which was later used in

Orthopaedics

Blood supply of bone

Blood supply ofa long bone is via: Diaphyseal nutrient arteries Metaphyseal vessels Epiphyseal vessels Periosteal vessels Diaphyseal nutrient arteries : They are usually single (in 90% cases), enter

Orthopaedics

Innervation of joint, Hilton's law

Joint is innervated by the articular brances of the nerves which supply the muscles which move the joint (Hilton’s law). The fibrous capsule is the most sensitive part

Orthopaedics

Bone remodelling, Wolffs law

Bone remodelling in response to stress was described by German Anatomist/Surgeon Julius Wolff (1836-1902) in the 19th century. Wolff’s law states that bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to

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