Infarcts can be classified into red (hemorarragic) white (anemic) infarcts as well as septic and bland infarcts. Red infarcts can occur in lungs while infarcts occur in the heart, kidney and spleen. Septic infarcts can occur when a vegetation of infective endocarditis embolises.

Fatty change is the accumulation of lipid droplets within the parenchymal cells. It usually occurs in the liver as the liver has great involvement in fat metabolism. Other organs in which fatty change can occur are the heart and muscle. Causes of fatty change may be hypoxia, exposure to toxins like carbon tetra chloride, obesity, protein malnutrition, diabetes mellitus. The most common cause of fatty change of liver is alcoholic fatty liver. Non alcoholic steatosis and non alcoholic steatohepatitis are being increasingly seen now a days. Accumulation of fat in …

It is a heterogenous group of conditions with cytopenias, hypercellular / dysplastic marrow and is a premalignant condition. Dyserythropoesis manifest as ring sideroblasts.
In MDS, there is decreased normal hemopoetic stem cells, proliferation of dyspoetic marrow cells, selective outgrowth of MDS cells and malignant transformation.
Most patients with MDS die of cytopenias than of leukemia. Transfusion dependence is also an important prognostic factor in MDS. Those who need more transfusions have a poorer prognosis.
5q deletion (5q minus) syndrome has been identified as an important factor in MDS, but this …

Hurthle cells or Askanazy cells seen in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

It is a small gram negative bacillus.
 

Haemophilus influenzae in blood agar
Haemophilus influenzae meningitis

Oesophagus has rich longitudinaly running lymphatics which facilitate metastatic spread. Also oesphagus is the only area of the GIT which has no serosal covering which is also favourable for metastais.

Destruction of RBS’s with release of hemoglobin and other red cell contents into the plasma.

Presence of excess hemoglobin in plasma. Normally hemoglobin is located within the red blood cells. When there is increased hemolysis, hemoglobin is rapidly released into the plasma resulting in hemoglobinemia.