Brown tumour of hyperparathyroidism
Non ossifying fibroma
Giant cell reparative granuloma
Benign fibrous histiocytoma
Aneurysmal bone cyst
Osteosarcoma with prominent giant cells
Metastatic carcinoma with giant cells

Chondromalacia patellae is a degenerative condition affecting the articular cartilage of patella
Unbalanced contraction of the components of quadriceps femoris (weakness of vastus medialis with over action of vastus lateralis) causes the patella to be shifted to one side in the patellar groove
This causes compressive and shear forces which cause progressive damage to the articular cartilage

Clinical features:

Generalised pain in the knee
Pain and stiffness in the knee with prolonged sitting (Theater sign / Movie sign – experienced after sitting at a movie theater for a long time)
There is also pain during climbing …

Nerve injuries occur in about 40% of type III (Gartland’s classification) supracondylar fractures
Earlier literature stated that radial nerve was the most commonly injured nerve in supracondylar fractures
But recent studies indicate that the anterior interosseous branch of median nerve is mostly affected
Nerve involvement differ with the type of fracture

Anterior interosseous nerve is mostly affected during posterolateral displacement of the distal fragment
Radial nerve is mostly affected with posteromedial displacement
Ulnar nerve is involved in flexion type of supracondylar fracture

References:
The elbow and its disorders By Bernard F. Morrey, Joaquin Sanchez-Sotelo, Page 226
Skeletal trauma in children, …

Gartland classified supracondylar fractures into 3 types. They are:

Type I – Undisplaced
Type II – Displaced, but posterior cortex is intact
Type III – Displaced but posterior cortex is not intact. The distal fragment may be displaced in one of the 2 possible ways

Posteromedial
Posterolateral

Nerve injuries and other complications are more common in type III supracondylar fractures.

Spondylotic changes to look for in lateral view radiograph of neck are Osteophytes, Disc space narrowing, Loss of cervical lordosis, Uncovertebral joint hypertrophy, Apophyseal joint osteoarthritis and Decreased vertebral canal diameter

Scoliosis with hyperinflated lungs
Click on image for an enlarged view
Scoliosis is a deformity of the spine which is characterised by lateral curvature of the spine in upright position in the coronal plane
Problems due to scoliosis:

Cosmetic
Deranged force and load transmission through spine
Impairment of functioning of vital organs like heart and lungs
Difficult to treat

Types of scoliosis:

Structural

Fixed curvature
Non flexible
Does not get corrected by side bending

Non structural

Flexible curvature
Gets corrected by side bending

Mechanism of non structural scoliosis

Compensatory – to compensate for leg length deformities / fixed flexion deformities of hip
Sciatic – due to inflammation …

Step deformity is a skeletal deformity in which 2 adjacent bones which should be aligned with each other are displaced and are at different levels – resembling a step of a staircase
Examples:

Step deformity of spine

two adjacent vertebra are at different levels
can be identified by palpating the spinous process
spinous process appears prominent due to anterior/posterior displacement of adjacent vertebra (spondylolisthesis)

Step defromity of infraorbital ridge

seen in zygomatic bone (tripod fracture)

Step deformity of knee

seen in rupture of cruciate ligaments
results in displacement of tibia and fibula relative to femur

Step deformity below acromion

seen  in separation …

Blount’s disease is a growth disorder of the tibia characterised by bowing of legs
Also called pathologic tibia vara, non rachitic bowlegs, Blount Barber disease
Clinical features

Presents with progressive bowing of legs in a child
There is varus angulation and internal rotation of tibia
Usually seen in children if African origin
Associated with obesity, early walking and short stature

Clinical types

Infantile – early onset (<3 years of age)
Juvenile – 4-10 years
Adolescent – >11 years

Pathology

There is disordered bone ossification in the medial part of proximal tibial epiphysis, physis and metaphysis
Presumed to be caused by excessive compressional forces on the …

KAFO stands for :

Knee Ankle Foot Orthosis (used in orthopedics)

Orthopedic Trauma Association