Aminoglycosides are highly ionised molecules and hence they are not absorbed orally.

High potency
Completely absorbed from the intestine with no interference by food
Long plasma half life (T 1/2) of 18 to 24 hours
Least effect on the normal flora of the intestine
Less propensity to cause diarrhoea

Extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs) are enzymes that mediate resistance to extended-spectrum or third generation cephalosporins like ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone and monobactams like aztreonam. ESBLs do not affect cephamycins like cefoxitin and cefotetan or carbapenems like meropenem or imipenem.

Incretins are a group of gastrointestinal hormones that cause an increase in the amount of insulin released from the beta cells after eating, even before blood glucose levels become elevated. The two main incretins are glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and Gastric inhibitory peptide(GIP). Both GLP-1 and GIP are rapidly inactivated by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). DPP-4 inhibitors improve glucose control by increasing incretin levels in type 2 diabetes. They are less likely to produce hypoglycemia. DPP-4 inhibitors target the beta cells through the incretin pathway. Sitaglipgtin is an FDA approved …

derivatives of fibric acid (isobutyric acid)
activate Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor alpha (PPAR) – a gene transcription regulating receptor present in liver, fat and muscles

Activation of PPAR alpha results in:

increased synthesis of lipoprotein lipase – hydrolyse triglycerides – decrease circulating TG’s
increased expression of LDL receptor in liver – mainly with II generation fibrates
increased fatty acid oxidation
decrease TG synthesis in liver
 reduce circulating free fatty acids

Outcome:

decrease TG 20-50%
decrease LDL 10-15%
increase HDL 10-15%

ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in pregnancy because they cause:

Foeal anuria
Foetal skull ossification defects

Methyldopa
Methyl analogue of dopa. It is used as a centrally acting adrenergic antihypertensive. Methyldopa is converted to methyl noradrenaline, which is a central alpha 2 agonist. This decreases central sympathetic outlfow.
It has more action on decreasing total peripheral resistance (TPR) than on cardiac output or heart rate. Levels of circulating NA decreases due to decrease in central sympathetic outflow.
Presently it is used to treat hypertension in pregnancy.

Active metabolite of alpha methyldopa. Acts on the central alpha 2 adrenergic receptors to decrease central sympathetic outflow. Precursor form – alpha methyldopa – is used as an antihypertensive.

Diuretics eg: hydrachlorothiazide
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors  eg: enalapril, ramipril
Angiotensin receptor blockers eg:losartan, candesartan
Adrenergic blocking agents eg: propranalol, atenelol
Calcium Channel blockers eg: verapamil, diltiazem
Central sympatholytics eg: clonidine
Vasodilators eg: hydralazine