Carcinoma cervix – most common malignant cause
Cervical polyp
Cervical trauma
Cervicitis
Ectropion
Vaginitis
Vaginal carcinoma – rare
Genital tuberculosis
Pelvic inflammatory disease
STD’s like chlamydia

Unlike other bacterial infections, bacterial vaginosis (BV) is not associated with an increase in the number of neutrophils in the vagnial fluid
The number of neutrophils may be normal or decreased
Gardnerella organisms do not induce neutrophil chemotaxis
The exact mechanism is not known
Certain BV associated factors specifically prevent the rise in Interleukin 8 (IL-8) levels which is necessary for neutrophil chemotaxis

Ref : Mucosal immunology By Jiri Mestecky

Pipe stem urethra is a type of intrinsic urethral sphincter deficiency
Here the urethra is scarred, fibrosed and remains patent without the ability to constrict
This results in urinary stress incontinence
It develops as a result of radiation therapy or Previous surgery for incontinence
It can be diagnosed by endoscopy
It is also called drain pipe urethra

Asherman syndrome – Features – Mnemonic
ASHERMAN:

Acquired Anomaly
Secondary to Surgery
Hysteroscopy confirms diagnosis
Endometrial damage/ Eugonadotropic
Repeated uterine trauma
Missed Menses
Adhesions
Normal estrogen and progesterone

Contraceptive use in women in epilepsy is important to have a planned pregnancy
WHO Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use states that all methods of contraception can be used safely in women with epilepsy
But it is better to avoid hormonal contraceptives in them as anti epileptic drugs like phenobarbital, phenytoin and carbamazepine are enzyme inducers
They increase the rate of degradation of these hormones and result in high risk of contraceptive failure
This risk is greater in newer generation of oral contraceptive pills as they contain low quantities of hormones in view of …

Catamenial epilepsy refers to increased seizure frequency in relation to the menstrual cycle
It occurs due to the change in the hormonal levels within the body
Exogenous hormones have been tried to decrease incidence of catemenial epilepsy
Parenteral medroxy progesterone acetate has been tried, and is found to decrease seizure frequency

Wertheim’s hysterectomy is a radical hysterectomy done in cases of invasive carcinoma
The structure removed are – uterus, cervix, upper third of vagina, broad ligament, lymph nodes and fatty tissue of pelvis, fallopian tube and possibly one or both ovaries
The removal of lymph nodes helps to assess the extend of spread of malignancy and to plan post operative radiotherapy
It is also helps to assess the prognosis
The surgeon may decide to preserve the ovaries in young women to prevent early menopause as long they appear normal
The ovaries may be removed if they …

Human papilloma virus vaccination is considered as a breakthrough in prevention of human cervical cancer. Human papilloma virus is able to cause malignant transformation of cervical epithelium. Harald zur Hausen was given the Nobel Prize in 2008 for this discovery. Vaccination is given to adolescent girls prior to onset of sexual intercourse. It has a 98 to 100% efficacy and is recommended at 11 to 12 years of age. It may benefit older girls as well, but is not recommended after the age of 26 years.