Chagas disease – caused by Trypanosoma cruzi
Anticholinergic drugs
Rectal malignancy – causes luminal obstruction leading to development of megacolon
Neurological diseases like multiple sclerosis and motor neuron disease

Commonest cause for pulsion diverticulum of the urinary bladder is?
A. Benign enlargement of prostate
B. Fibrous prostate
C. Contracture of bladder neck
D. Stricture urethra
Correct answer : Contracture of bladder neck

There is 40 times increased risk for malignant transformation in an undescended testis compared to testis located within the scrotum. The factors responsible for malignant transformation in undescended testis are:

Elevated temperature
Impairment of blood supply
Abnormal germ cell morphology
Endocrine dysfunction
Gonadal dysfunction

Varicocele is more commonly seen in the left side because of 3 reasons

The left testicular vein opens at a right angle to the left renal vein
The loaded sigmoid colon exerts pressure on the left testicular vein
The opening of the left testicular vein is close to the opening of the adrenal veins – hence it is exposed to action of adrenergic hormones

Whipple procedure consists of pancreaticoduodenectomy followed by pancreaticojejunostomy, choledochojejunostomy and gastrojejunostomy
Since the common bile duct is attached to the jejunum, the sphincteric action of sphincter of Oddi is no longer present
Bile continuously flows from the common bile duct to the jejunum
Hence the gall bladder can no longer perform its function of storage of bile
Since gall bladder function is lost, it acts as a focus of infection if retained after surgery
Hence the gall bladder is removed during Whipple procedure

Renal cell carcinoma can occur in a patient with a solitary kidney
The current recommendation is to do partial nephrectomy as long as sufficient margin of normal tissue is available
This helps to avoid the requirement of lifelong hemodialysis
Partial nephrectomy cannot be done in those with a large tumour or multiple small tumours throughout the kidney
Survival rates of upto 90% have been reported in stage I disease and upto 76% for stage III tumours with conservative surgery

Reference:
Diagnosis and Management of Cancer By Ashok Mehta, S.C. Bansal

William S Halsted of John Hopkins University put forward a set of principles (Halstedian principles) in the 1890′s for achieving the best results in surgery. Now, more than 100 years later, they still form the basis of modern surgical craftsmanship.

Handle tissues gently
Achieve meticulous hemostasis
Preserve vascularity
Ensure strict asepsis
Close the wound without tension
Achieve good approximation of tissues
Avoid dead space

Mucous fistula is a type of abdominal stoma. (Abdominal stoma is an artificial opening created in the abdominal wall as an alternate path for feces or urine to reach outside the body.)
When immediate anastomosis of bowel is not possible after resection, the proximal bowel is brought out as a stoma (eg: ileostomy, colostomy etc)
But in certain cases, the distal non functioning part of bowel is also brought out through a stoma
Such a stoma is known as a mucous fistula
It appears small, flat and pinkish red
It discharges only mucus – no …

Chronic pancreatitis can produce many complications which include:

Pseudocyst formation – cyst which does not have a endothelial lining
Obstructive jaundice – due to compression of common bile duct due to fibrosis
Portal hypertension – due to splenic vein thrombosis secondary to inflammation in tail of pancreas
Duodenal obstruction – secondary to fibrosis of head of pancreas
Colonic obstruction
Malnutrition – due to defective absorption of nutrients
Diabetes mellitus – due to dysfunction of beta cells of Islets of Langerhans

The most common non bacterial oppurtunistic organism recovered from burn wound is the fungus – Candida
It has the potential to invade viable tissues, but it rarely does so
Other fungi obtained from burn wounds include aspergillus and fusarium